Orbital Mechanics

The physics of orbits: Kepler, delta-v, transfers, gravity assists and Lagrange points.

Delta-v and Hohmann Transfers: How Spacecraft Change Orbits

Delta-v explained: the rocket equation, Hohmann transfer orbits, and real figures for trips from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit, the Moon and Mars.

5 min read Orbits

Kepler's Laws Explained: How Planets Really Move

Kepler's three laws explained with real orbital data, simple formulas and worked examples for Earth, Mars, GPS and geostationary satellites.

5 min read Orbits

Lagrange Points Explained: Five Balance Spots in Space

Lagrange points explained: where gravity and orbit balance, why L1 to L3 are unstable, why L4 and L5 hold trojans, and how telescopes use them.

5 min read